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Throughout Katherine Johnson’s extraordinary career, there hasn’t been a boundary she hasn’t broken through or a ceiling she hasn’t shattered. The inspiring autobiography of NASA mathematician Katherine Johnson, who helped launch Apollo 11. Reaching for the Moon: The Autobiography of NASA Mathematician Katherine JohnsonĪtheneum Books for Young Readers (an imprint of Simon and Schuster) Tags: Katherine Johnson, Margalit Fox, NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, New York Times, The New York TimesĬomments Off on Katherine Johnson Dies at 101 Mathematician Broke Barriers at NASA Johnson’s 33 years in NASA’s Flight Research Division - the office from which the American space program sprang - and for decades afterward, almost no one knew her name… The next year, she likewise helped make it possible for John Glenn, in the Mercury vessel Friendship 7, to become the first American to orbit the Earth. Shepard Jr., who became the first American in space when his Mercury spacecraft went aloft in 1961. Her impeccable calculations had already helped plot the successful flight of Alan B. Johnson, whose death at 101 was announced on Monday by NASA, calculated the precise trajectories that would let Apollo 11 land on the moon in 1969 and, after Neil Armstrong’s history-making moonwalk, let it return to Earth.Ī single error, she well knew, could have dire consequences for craft and crew. Wielding little more than a pencil, a slide rule and one of the finest mathematical minds in the country, Mrs. They asked Katherine Johnson for the moon, and she gave it to them.
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She was one of a group of black women mathematicians at NASA and its predecessor who were celebrated in the 2016 movie “ Hidden Figures.” NASA/Donaldson Collection, via Getty Images Katherine Johnson, part of a small group of African-American women mathematicians who did crucial work at NASA, in 1966. Katherine Johnson Dies at 101 Mathematician Broke Barriers at NASA DeBose, Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications USA, 2002.
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Perhaps the real new people today are not just those of multiracial heritage but also Americans in general who now conceptualize, tolerate, or embrace multiple-race identities in ways that were unacceptable in the past.Īnn Morning, “ New Faces, Old Faces: Counting the Multiracial Population Past and Present,” in New Faces in a Changing America: Multiracial Identity in the 21st Century, edited by Loretta I.
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Given the United States’ history, the extent to which public attitudes toward mixed-race unions and ancestry have changed is remarkable. Finally, turning to the past highlights how malleable racial concepts have proved to be over time despite the permanence and universality we often ascribe to them. In addition, history reminds us that these attitudes toward multiraciality were embedded in complex webs of social, political, economic, and cultural premises and objectives, thereby suggesting that the same holds true today. For one thing, older social norms still make themselves felt in contemporary discussion of mixed-race identity (Davis, 1991 Waters, 1991 Wilson, 1992). By obscuring the historic dimensions of American multiraciality-emphasizing its newness but not its oldness-we may run the risk of ignoring lessons that past racial stratification offers for understanding today’s outcomes.